– analytical level;
– service level;
– the level of infrastructure.
The communication channel layer helps in transmitting data from the analytical layer through various networks. An important factor in the development of the level of communication channels is the issue of data transmission security. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the speed and transparency of data transmission.
At the service level, actions are performed that are transferred from the technical level in accordance with customer requirements. The service layer receives detailed information from the analytical layer through the communication channel layer. The received information is processed in different ways and detailed analysis is carried out by various computing tools.
The infrastructure layer is the layer that creates the technology necessary to perform various services and store the information received. This includes the geoinformation system service, cloud computing platform, cloud storage, Big Data analysis tools, etc.
In the transport industry, digital technologies should allow the transition to paperless technologies in the operation and design of any transport services, provide comprehensive monitoring of the state of transportation and transport infrastructure facilities.
It is worth noting the very important role of IoT in the tasks of monitoring infrastructure and vehicles, the use of which allows:
– to take into account the work done, as well as the energy or resources spent on it;
– to predict based on the results of data analysis of the pre-failure condition of the facility, for the implementation of operational measures and prevention of traffic safety violations;
– automate maintenance and determination of pre-failure states;
– to carry out operational changes in the vehicle control mode on the studied infrastructure in case of detection of dangerous failures. [51]
With the help of IoT technologies, it is possible to conduct intelligent tracking of the movement of vehicles, their location at the current time, working hours and parking time, attempts to enter the body of the vehicle, etc.
The use of elements of the Internet of Things technology allows you to measure the internal conditions inside the vehicle body during transportation (temperature, humidity, lighting conditions, etc.). The Internet of Things can also be used in vehicle control and navigation systems. Real-time monitoring of vehicles using IoT tools allows for efficient delivery of products to consumers in megacities.
The use of IoT makes it possible to significantly improve the quality of public transport services, to reorient the vector of preferred use of vehicles in the structure of the transport process from personal to public transport and, thus, reduce the load on the road network. [38]
Systems based on geolocation technologies in conjunction with the Internet of Things have also been widely developed, which allow linking information in a single network about the movement of vehicles, which allows real-time forecasting of the exact time of arrival of the desired object to the stopping point [69,70,71] Wide access for a large number of users via devices connected to the Internet, allows significantly improve the quality of decisions made by passengers on the implementation of a convenient travel option.
