Глоссариум по искусственному интеллекту: 2500 терминов. Том 2 - страница 3

Action language is a language for specifying state transition systems, and is commonly used to create formal models of the effects of actions on the world. Action languages are commonly used in the artificial intelligence and robotics domains, where they describe how actions affect the states of systems over time, and may be used for automated planning13.

Action model learning is an area of machine learning concerned with creation and modification of software agent’s knowledge about effects and preconditions of the actions that can be executed within its environment. This knowledge is usually represented in logic-based action description language and used as the input for automated planners14.

Action selection is a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. In artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science, «the action selection problem» is typically associated with intelligent agents and animats – artificial systems that exhibit complex behaviour in an agent environment15.

Activation function in the context of Artificial Neural Networks, is a function that takes in the weighted sum of all of the inputs from the previous layer and generates an output value to ignite the next layer16.

Active Learning/Active Learning Strategy is a special case of Semi-Supervised Machine Learning in which a learning agent is able to interactively query an oracle (usually, a human annotator) to obtain labels at new data points. A training approach in which the algorithm chooses some of the data it learns from. Active learning is particularly valuable when labeled examples are scarce or expensive to obtain. Instead of blindly seeking a diverse range of labeled examples, an active learning algorithm selectively seeks the particular range of examples it needs for learning17,18,19.

Adam optimization algorithm it is an extension of stochastic gradient descent which has recently gained wide acceptance for deep learning applications in computer vision and natural language processing20.

Adaptive algorithm is an algorithm that changes its behavior at the time it is run, based on a priori defined reward mechanism or criterion21,22.

Adaptive Gradient Algorithm (AdaGrad) is a sophisticated gradient descent algorithm that rescales the gradients of each parameter, effectively giving each parameter an independent learning rate23.

Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) (also adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system) is a kind of artificial neural network that is based on Takagi—Sugeno fuzzy inference system. The technique was developed in the early 1990s. Since it integrates both neural networks and fuzzy logic principles, it has potential to capture the benefits of both in a single framework. Its inference system corresponds to a set of fuzzy IF—THEN rules that have learning capability to approximate nonlinear functions. Hence, ANFIS is considered to be a universal estimator. For using the ANFIS in a more efficient and optimal way, one can use the best parameters obtained by genetic algorithm24.

Adaptive system is a system that automatically changes the data of its functioning algorithm and (sometimes) its structure in order to maintain or achieve an optimal state when external conditions change25.

Additive technologies