Глоссариум по искусственному интеллекту: 2500 терминов. Том 2 - страница 8

Analogical Reasoning – solving problems by using analogies, by comparing to past experiences51.

Analysis of algorithms (AofA) – the determination of the computational complexity of algorithms, that is the amount of time, storage and/or other resources necessary to execute them. Usually, this involves determining a function that relates the length of an algorithm’s input to the number of steps it takes (its time complexity) or the number of storage locations it uses (its space complexity)52.

Annotation is a metadatum attached to a piece of data, typically provided by a human annotator53.

Anokhin’s theory of functional systems is a functional system consists of a certain number of nodal mechanisms, each of which takes its place and has a certain specific purpose. The first of these is afferent synthesis, in which four obligatory components are distinguished: dominant motivation, situational and triggering afferentation, and memory. The interaction of these components leads to the decision-making process54.

Anomaly detection – the process of identifying outliers. For example, if the mean for a certain feature is 100 with a standard deviation of 10, then anomaly detection should flag a value of 200 as suspicious55,56.

Anonymization – the process in which data is de-identified as part of a mechanism to submit data for machine learning57.

Answer set programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming oriented towards difficult (primarily NP-hard) search problems. It is based on the stable model (answer set) semantics of logic programming. In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, and answer set solvers – programs for generating stable models – are used to perform search58.

Antivirus software is a program or set of programs that are designed to prevent, search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and other malicious software like worms, trojans, adware, and more59.

Anytime algorithm is an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends60.

API-AS-a-service (AaaS) combines the API economy and software renting and provides application programming interfaces as a service61.

Application programming interface (API) is a set of subroutine definitions, communication protocols, and tools for building software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly defined methods of communication among various components. A good API makes it easier to develop a computer program by providing all the building blocks, which are then put together by the programmer. An API may be for a web-based system, operating system, database system, computer hardware, or software library62.

Application security is the process of making apps more secure by finding, fixing, and enhancing the security of apps. Much of this happens during the development phase, but it includes tools and methods to protect apps once they are deployed. This is becoming more important as hackers increasingly target applications with their attacks63.

Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is a specialized integrated circuit for solving a specific problem64.

Approximate string matching (also fuzzy string searching) – the technique of finding strings that match a pattern approximately (rather than exactly). The problem of approximate string matching is typically divided into two sub-problems: finding approximate substring matches inside a given string and finding dictionary strings that match the pattern approximately