Science and Technology in the 21st Century. Future Physics & Technology - страница 4

Among the fundamental principles, causes and theories of the universe there are

unity and diversity,

reversibility and convertibility,

regularity and order,

symmetry and conservation,

change and motion,

relativity and space and time,

mass and energy,

fields and forces,

as well as thermodynamics, equilibrium and nonequilibrium, classic and statistical,

mechanics, classical and statistical, quantum and relativistic, field theory, nonlinear dynamic systems theory, quantum gravity, or theory of everything.

The fundamental axioms and postulates of physics are that “all is relative”, interrelated and interacted, in the physical universe, space and time, mass and motion, energy and force, but the basic principles and laws, as reversibility and convertibility, symmetry and conservation.

The symmetry concept and its symmetry operations, what led the natural philosophy of Newton and defined relativity and quantum theory, are mutually related to the conservation concept and its laws of invariances. Each conservation law (of energy or momentum or mass-energy, quantum numbers or baryon number and lepton number) has a corresponding symmetry, or invariance and uniformity (as time reversal or space inversion or parity and internal symmetries).

And all is generally specified by the algebraic concept of symmetry groups, as Lie and finite groups, going as the foundation for the fundamental theories of modern physics. The idea is to further unify the electroweak forces with quantum gravity forces transmitted by the massless quanta of gravitons.

Most of modern theoretical physics is about the types of symmetries of the Universe and finding the invariants (under all the symmetries) to construct field theories as its general models, like as the Standard model of CPT symmetry. It is to describe the fundamental forces and fields predicting that the exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed.

New Physics: From the Elemental Forces to the Prime Proto Force and Inverted Universe

In modern physics, all of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions: the strong and weak forces as nuclear forces acting at very short distances and responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles; the electromagnetic force acting between electric charges, and the gravitational force acting between masses, as the Earth-body system.

All of the forces in the universe are tended to be interrelated and united as a single super symmetrical force or supra power, one proto force. The idea of force as pervading all space and matter revolutionized Newtonian physics of classical mechanics. In 1820, Orsted made a critical discovery guided by his firm belief that chemical affinity, electricity, heat, magnetism, gravitation and light are simply manifestations of the basic forces of attraction and repulsion. The unified field theory of a single fundamental force had fully occupied Einstein for 30 years.

The weak and electromagnetic forces are already manifestations or expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction. A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is to relate the electroweak interaction with the strong force of QCD.

Theories of everything are to integrate GUTs with quantum gravity theories, which include string theory, loop quantum gravity, or twistor theory, looking for a graviton or the time-space quantum properties to close the Standard Model list of force particles. Which are force carriers or messenger particles of underlying fields, such as photons mediating the interaction of electric charges, gluons mediating the interaction of color charges, hypothetical gravitons for gravitation, or virtual gauge bosons interacting with matter particles, fermions, attracting and repelling each other.